However, the supplementation had no significant effects on fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, or fasting insulin levels. A reverse J-shaped association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cardiovascular disease mortality: The CopD study. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes 2002;9:87-98. Observational studies have linked lower serum 25(OH)D levels to an increased risk of diabetes, but their results might have been confounded by the fact that many participants were overweight or had obesity and were therefore more predisposed to developing diabetes and having lower 25(OH)D levels [1]. Vitamin D might be involved in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes through its effects on glucose metabolism and insulin signaling as well as its ability to reduce inflammation and improve pancreatic beta-cell function [1443,145]. Pages 939-57 in Feldman D, Pike JW, Bouillon R, Giovannucci E, Goltzman D, Hewison M, eds. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018;6:847-58. The United States mandates the fortification of infant formula with 12.5 mcg/100 kcal (40100 IU) vitamin D; 12 mcg/100 kcal (4080 IU) is the required amount in Canada [1]. [, LeFevre ML. Among the 198 participants who died (41 deaths were due to prostate cancer), 25(OH)D levels were not associated with risk of death from prostate cancer or any cause [114]. OVERVIEW; PRIMER; IN THE NEWS However, other, shorter (from 24 weeks to 5 years) clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation alone or with calcium in adults found greater risks of hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria, but not of kidney stones [162,163]. Vitamin D obtained from sun exposure, foods, and supplements is biologically inert and must undergo two hydroxylations in the body for activation. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that's involved in many essential body functions. Circulating concentrations of vitamin D in relation to pancreatic cancer risk in European populations. Most of the studies described in this section measured serum 25(OH)D levels using various methods that were not standardized by comparing them to the best methods. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. In the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial (described above), vitamin D3 and calcium supplements had no effect on rates of colorectal cancer. Practitioner 1984;228:312-3. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption in the gut and maintains adequate serum calcium and phosphate concentrations to enable normal bone mineralization and to prevent hypocalcemic tetany (involuntary contraction of muscles, leading to cramps and spasms). Older adults are at increased risk of developing vitamin D insufficiency, partly because the skin's ability to synthesize vitamin D declines with age [1,61]. [, Guirguis-Blake JM, Michael YL, Perdue LA, Coppola EL, Beil TL. Vitamin D3 is more efficient than D2. Jamieson Vitamin D3 1000 IU, 375 Tablets, 2-pack. [, Taylor CL, Roseland JM, Coates PM, Pehrsson PR. [, Chakhtoura M, Rahme M, Fuleihan E-H. Vitamin D metabolism in bariatric surgery. The incidence rate of rickets in the infants and children (younger than 7) seen by 2,325 pediatricians throughout Canada was 2.9 per 100,000 in 20022004, and almost all patients with rickets had been breastfed [49]. Assessing vitamin D status by measuring serum 25(OH)D concentrations is complicated by the considerable variability of the available assays (the two most common ones involve antibodies or chromatography) used by laboratories that conduct the analyses [5,6]. As a result, a finding can be falsely low or falsely high, depending on the assay used and the laboratory. Some people are potentially at risk of inadequacy at 30 to 50 nmol/L (1220 ng/mL). J Womens Health 2013:22,915-29. CMAJ 2007;177:161-6. Rates of breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer did not differ significantly between the vitamin D and placebo groups. Some studies have used dietary supplements containing the 25(OH)D3 form of vitamin D. Per equivalent microgram dose, 25(OH)D3 is three to five times as potent as vitamin D3 [37,38]. [. Hypercalcaemia following vitamin D and thiazide therapy in the elderly. Nutr Rev 2019;77:890-902. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and early death: Population-based study and meta-analyses of 18 and 17 studies. Show Out of Stock Items. In some cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements are useful when it is not possible otherwise to meet needs for one or more nutrients (e.g., during specific life stages such as pregnancy).". J Midwifery Womens Health 2019;64:276-88. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:1563-5. The federal government's 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that "Because foods provide an array of nutrients and other components that have benefits for health, nutritional needs should be met primarily through foods. JAMA 2006;296:2832-8. In fact, 20132016 NHANES data showed that 92% of men, more than 97% of women, and 94% of people aged 1 year and older ingested less than the EAR of 10 mcg (400 IU) of vitamin D from food and beverages [40]. Older people and people with dark skin are less able to produce vitamin D from sunlight [1]. Another recent systematic review also found that vitamin D and calcium supplements had no beneficial effects on fractures, falls, or bone mineral density [79,80]. The Women's Health Initiative clinical trial randomized 36,282 postmenopausal women to receive 400 IU vitamin D3 plus 1,000 mg calcium daily or a placebo for a mean of 7 years [98]. Prolonged exclusive breastfeeding without vitamin D supplementation can cause rickets in infants, and, in the United States, rickets is most common among breastfed Black infants and children [47]. Supports the Immune System. Preventing multiple sclerosis: To (take) vitamin D or not to (take) vitamin D? Cholecalciferol or 25-hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation does not affect muscle strength and physical performance in prefrail and frail older adults. Hazards of treating osteoporosis and hypertension concurrently with calcium, vitamin D, and distal diuretics. Neurology 2017;89:1538-9. IOM committee members respond to Endocrine Society vitamin D guidelines. Among postmenopausal women and older men, many clinical trials have shown that supplements of both vitamin D and calcium result in small increases in bone mineral density throughout the skeleton [1,74]. [, Mallard SR, Howe AS, Houghton LA. In contrast to the observational studies, clinical trials have provided little support for the hypothesis that supplemental vitamin D reduces the risk of CVD or CVD mortality. [. Obesity does not affect the skins capacity to synthesize vitamin D. However, greater amounts of subcutaneous fat sequester more of the vitamin [1]. Observational studies support an association between higher serum 25(OH)D levels and a lower risk of CVD incidence and mortality. Vitamin D is involved in various brain processes, and vitamin D receptors are present on neurons and glia in areas of the brain thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of depression [130]. Lung cancer Clinical trial evidence provides some support for the observational findings. The investigators randomly assigned participants to receive either a bolus oral dose of 2,500 mcg (100,000 IU) vitamin D3 followed by 100 mcg (4,000 IU)/day or a placebo for 16 weeks. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2009. One trial included 65 adult men and women (mean age 32 years) with overweight or obesity who were otherwise healthy, did not have diabetes, and had low serum vitamin D levels (at or below 50 nmol/L [20 ng/mL]) [147]. Most trials of the effects of vitamin D supplements on bone health also included calcium supplements, so isolating the effects of each nutrient is difficult. However, because research has been conducted on vitamin D and numerous health outcomes, this section focuses on seven diseases, conditions, and interventions in which vitamin D might be involved: bone health and osteoporosis, cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD), depression, multiple sclerosis (MS), type 2 diabetes, and weight loss. [. Vitamin D is essential for bone strength and may support the immune system and other functions. J Am Geriatr Soc 1984;32:405-7. Vitamn D(tak vitamin D) je skupina v tucch rozpustnchsekosteroidodpovdnch za zven vstebvn vpnku, hokua fosforenanve stevech a za mnoho dalch biologickch ink. Prospective population-based study of the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D levels and the incidence of specific types of cancer. However, because the extent and frequency of sunscreen use are unknown, the role that sunscreen may play in reducing vitamin D synthesis is unclear [1]. Between September and April, sun protection is recommended (shade, clothing coverage and a hat that shades the face and neck, sunscreen and sunglasses), especially between 10am and 4pm. The analysis of 20152016 data also showed that 28% of all individuals aged 2 years and older in the United States took a dietary supplement containing vitamin D [39]. Both vitamins D2 and D3 raise serum 25(OH)D levels, and they seem to have equivalent ability to cure rickets [4]. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 11th ed. [, Dawodu A, Tsang RC. [, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2017;166:155-6. Nutr Clin Pract 2013;28:194-208. It is also found in some animal foods and supplements. Ask ODS DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008422.pub3. Vitamin D supplements for bone health in minority populations In contrast to 25(OH)D, circulating 1,25(OH)2D is generally not a good indicator of vitamin D status because it has a short half-life measured in hours, and serum levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphate [1]. In a trial in Norway, 511 men and women aged 2580 years (mean age 62 years) with prediabetes received 500 mcg (20,000 IU) vitamin D3 or a placebo each week for 5 years [149]. [, Singh P, Trivedi N. Tanning beds and hypervitaminosis D: A case report. A collaborative analysis of individual participant data from 19 prospective studies assesses circulating vitamin D and prostate cancer risk. Allergies, viruses and bacterial infections, auto-immune diseases, any malady that is tissue-related. Cancer Res 2006;66:10213-9. An animal-free version of vitamin D3 sourced from lichen is also available [32]. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, et al. - Vitamin D is made in the body when your skin absorbs ultraviolet light, but most people don't get enough sunlight to reach adequate levels Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: A comprehensive review. Nutrient composition of human milk. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1618-23. J Clin Endorcinol Metab 2015;100:2339-46. Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF. For this. Monthly high-dose vitamin D supplementation does not increase kidney stone risk or serum calcium: Results from a randomized controlled trial. [, Malihi Z, Lawes CMM, Wu Z, Huang Y, Waayer D, Toop L, et al. Jean-Claude Guilland Tlcharger La vitamine D Livre PDF Franais Online . [, Shea MK, Fielding RA, Dawson-Hughes B. Vitamin D might also have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, proapoptotic, and antiangiogenic effects [1,87]. The late biochemist Irwin Stone studied ascorbic acid (vitamin C) for over forty years and is credited with the discovery that man's somewhat unique inability to synthesize our own vitamin C from glucose is due to a genetic liver-enzyme disorder he called hypoascorbemia (too little ascorbate). Because endogenous vitamin D is derived from cholesterol, statins may also reduce vitamin D synthesis [167]. However, frequent use of tanning beds, which provide artificial UV radiation, can lead to 25(OH)D levels well above 375500 nmol/L (150200 ng/mL) [158-160]. One trial included 206 adults (mean age 52 years) who were randomized to take a bolus dose of 2,500 mcg (100,000 IU) vitamin D3 followed by 500 mcg (20,000 IU)/week or a placebo for 4 months [132]. My name is Rusty Hoge. Clinical management of low vitamin D: A scoping review of physicians' practices. $12.99. Am J Clin Nutr 2017;105:810-9. Vitamin D synthesis following a single bout of sun exposure in older and younger men and women. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on musculoskeletal health: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis. Circulating vitamin D concentrations and risk of breast and prostate cancer: A Mendelian randomization study. In addition, high intakes of vitamin D, especially from supplements, might reduce the potency of atorvastatin (Lipitor), lovastatin (Altoprev and Mevacor), and simvastatin (FloLipid and Zocor), because these statins and vitamin D appear to compete for the same metabolizing enzyme [167-170]. Am J Clin Nutr 2016;104:1039-51. It's also termed hypervitaminosis D. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin. 6.Mushrooms. Updated: Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Vitamin D and calcium: A systematic review of health outcomes. [, Sempos CT, Heijboer AC, Bikle DD, Bollerslev J, Bouillon R, Brannon PM, et al. Vitamin D testing can let you know if you need to increase your vitamin D levels. JAMA 2017;317:1217-8. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Endocrine Connections 2018;7:R294-303. Effect of monthly high-dose vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular disease in the Vitamin D Assessment Study: A randomized clinical trial. A few examples are provided below. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2016;12:693-702. No studies have evaluated whether vitamin D supplements may benefit individuals under medical care for clinical depression who have low or deficient 25(OH)D levels and are taking antidepressant medication. The study reports included 310 years of followup data. JAMA Intern Med 2015;175:745-54. Vitamin D supplementation and risk of toxicity in pediatrics: A review of current literature. In contrast to observational studies, clinical trials provide little support for the benefits of vitamin D supplementation for glucose homeostasis. In children, vitamin D deficiency is manifested as rickets, a disease characterized by a failure of bone tissue to become properly mineralized, resulting in soft bones and skeletal deformities [44]. Absorption occurs by simple passive diffusion and by a mechanism that involves intestinal membrane carrier proteins [4]. Another study included 2,259 healthy individuals aged 45 to 75 years who had had one or more serrated polyps (precursor lesions to colorectal cancer) that had been removed [102]. Am J Clin Nutr 2019;110:1043-4. However, no 25(OH)D3 dietary supplements appear to be available to consumers on the U.S. market at this time [32]. In 20132014, an estimated 3.2% of the U.S. adult population took supplements containing 100 mcg (4,000 IU) or more vitamin D [41]. [, Anglin RES, Samaan Z, Walter SD, McDonald SD. Ann Oncol 2019;30:733-43. Because vitamin D increases calcium absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, vitamin D toxicity results in marked hypercalcemia (total calcium greater than 11.1 mg/dL, beyond the normal range of 8.4 to 10.2 mg/dL), hypercalciuria, and high serum 25(OH)D levels (typically greater than 375 nmol/l [150 ng/mL]) [155]. [, Kahwati LC, Weber RP, Pan H, Gourlay M, LeBlanc E, Coker-Schwimmer M, Viswanathan M. Vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling adults: Evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2010. Souhrnn se tak oznauj t jako kalciferoly. Maternal vitamin D status: Effect on milk vitamin D content and vitamin D status of breastfeeding infants. [, Rosen CJ, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Brannon PM, Clinton SK, Durazo-Arvizu RA, et al. Fat malabsorption is associated with medical conditions that include some forms of liver disease, cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, Crohns disease, and ulcerative colitis [1,63]. Two earlier prospective studies of similar designone in the United States with 444 non-Hispanic White individuals [140] and the other with 576 individuals in northern Sweden [141]found that levels of 25(OH)D greater than 99.1 nmol/L (39.6 ng/mL) and at least 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL), respectively, were associated with a 6162% lower risk of MS. No clinical trials have examined whether vitamin D supplementation can prevent the onset of MS, but several have investigated whether supplemental vitamin D can help manage the disease. 25 ( OH ) D levels Bikle DD, Bollerslev J, Bouillon R Brannon. Trial evidence provides some support for the benefits of vitamin D guidelines Anglin RES, Samaan Z, Huang,. Differ significantly between the vitamin D obtained from sun exposure, foods, and distal diuretics from cholesterol, may. 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